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and provide a more accurate representation of the population.
e. Complexity of tabulation: The complexity of tabulation
refers to the level of detail and complexity involved in organising
◆ Level of detailing
and summarising the collected data. If the study requires detailed
analysis with numerous variables and subgroups, a larger sample
size may be needed to ensure an adequate representation of all
the categories in the analysis. Larger sample size would lead to
complex tabulation when compared to a smaller sample size.
f. Problem related with collection of data: The collection of
◆ Challenges with data becomes tedious when a large sample size is being fixed,
large samples though when done properly an adequate representative of the

population can be attained.
g. Type of sampling: Random sampling techniques like simple
◆ Nature of sampling
technique random sampling and cluster sampling etc. requires large samples
while restricted random sampling requires smaller ones.
h. Basic information and resources: The available knowledge
◆ Population, time, about the population, time and money to conduct the study also
money plays a role in determining the sample size.
i. Degree of accuracy required for the study: The level of
accuracy or precision desired in the study findings can influence
◆ Expected accuracy the sample size. A higher degree of accuracy typically requires a
larger sample size to reduce the margin of error and increase the
confidence in the results.
j. Nature of analysis: The kind of statistical tools a researcher

◆ Statistical tools plans influences the sample size determination. For example, if
the analysis involves complex statistical techniques or subgroup
comparisons, a larger sample size may be needed to ensure
sufficient statistical power and reliable results.

2.2.3 Optimum Sample Size

The term ‘Optimum’ means best, most favourable level etc. It is
clear from discussions so far that the sample taken should be truly
representative of the population. The size should be appropriate
enough so that proper analysis is possible. The optimum sample
◆ Most favourable size must be obtained by scientific method. Different formulae
sample size available to determine sample size can be made use of. It should be
such that it can avoid unnecessary expenses and time consumption.
It should be large enough to represent the population and reduce
sampling errors. Optimum sample size is required for appropriate
analysis, to get the required level of accuracy and to get valid test
results.
Optimum Sample size must be-

◆ Efficient: The sample size must be such that it is efficient

70 SGOU - SLM -MCom Research Methodology