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2.2.5.1 Systematic Bias

Systematic bias arises from flaws in the sampling procedures
and cannot be reduced or eliminated by increasing the sample ◆ Errors in sampling
size alone. However, by identifying and addressing the causes of procedure
these errors, researchers can take steps to detect and correct them,
thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of their findings.
Causes of systematic bias
◆ Unsuitable sample
◆ When the frame from which the samples are collected is frame or source list
incorrect or unsuitable for the purpose, it results in systematic
bias.

◆ The measuring scale used to measure the variables must be ◆ Faulty measuring
appropriate otherwise will lead to faulty results. device
◆ Many respondents hesitate to share information due to various
reasons like unwilling to share personal or confidential ◆ Non response from
information, lack of time or laziness to fill in the information. respondents
This non response has great implications on the results as it
truly affects the analysis.

◆ It is not always possible to measure exact inferences about a ◆ Indeterminacy
population which is called indeterminacy principle. principle

◆ When the researcher reports the findings making slight ◆ Usual bias in
changes in the results according to his/ her bias, it results in reporting data
bias.

2.2.5.2 Sampling Errors
Sampling errors are random variations in the sample estimate
around the true population parameters. Sampling error decreases
with the increase in the size of the sample, and it happens to be of
a smaller magnitude in case of homogeneous population.
The measurement of sampling error is usually called the
‘precision of the sampling plan’. Increasing the sample size ◆ Precision of the
can improve precision, but this approach has limitations such sampling plan
as increased data collection costs and potential enhancement
of systematic bias. Selecting a sampling design with a smaller
sampling error for a given sample size and cost is often a more
effective way to enhance precision. Therefore, it is crucial for
researchers to carefully consider a sampling procedure that
minimises sampling error and effectively manages systematic
bias.

SGOU - SLM - MCom Research Methodology 77