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(b) Rosenzweig test: Participants are presented with cartoons
and asked to provide their own captions or words for the speech ◆ Provide caption to
balloons. This technique helps explore participants’ attitudes or cartoons
perceptions based on their responses to the cartoons.
(c) Rorschach test: Participants are shown inkblot images and
asked to describe what they see in the images. The responses are ◆ Inkblot perception
then analysed based on predetermined psychological frameworks
to gain insights into participants’ personality traits, emotions, or
thought processes.
(d) Holtzman Inkblot Test (HIT): Similar to the Rorschach
test, participants are shown inkblot images, but in this case, they ◆ Single-response
provide only one response per image. The responses are interpreted inkblot test
based on different aspects, such as accuracy, emotional needs, or
dynamic aspects of the participant’s life.
(e) Tomkins-Horn picture arrangement test: Participants are
presented with plates containing multiple sketches and asked ◆ Sequential picture
to arrange them in a sequence that makes sense to them. The arrangement test
responses are interpreted to understand norms, attitudes, or beliefs
held by the participants.
vi. Sociometry
According to Bronfenbrenner Urie, sociometry is “a method
for discovering describing and evaluating social status, structure
and development through measuring the extent of acceptance or
rejection between individuals in groups”. It is done with the help
of a sociometry test where each member of a group has to choose
from all other, whom he/she prefers to work with in a specific
situation. This is popularly used by sociologists, psychiatrists and
psychologists. A group of individuals is selected as the research
sample. Participants in the study are asked to make choices or
express preferences regarding their social relationships within ◆ Acceptance or
the group. Sociograms are used to analyse the patterns of social rejection
relationships within the group. Different types of relationships can
be examined, such as friendships, advice-seeking, collaboration,
or influence. Quantitative measures, such as centrality, density, or
reciprocity, can be calculated to understand the social structure
and dynamics. The data collected through sociometry can provide
insights into various aspects of social interactions and relationships
within the group. Researchers can identify key individuals,
subgroups, cliques, or patterns of influence.
vii. Content analysis
It is a technique which tries to infer findings from content of
documents like archival records, newspapers, diaries, manuscripts,
minutes of meetings etc.. The analysis of content is a central
activity whenever one is concerned with the study of the nature

SGOU - SLM - MCom Research Methodology 125