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c. Directional hypothesis

It demonstrates how a researcher is intellectual and
committed to a specific outcome. The nature of the variable
can also be predicted by the relationship between the
variables. For example, children aged four years who eat
proper food over a five-year period have higher IQ levels
than children who do not eat proper food. This depicts the
effect and its direction. This type of hypothesis predicts the ◆ Non-specific
specific direction of the relationship or difference between relationship
variables. It states whether the relationship is positive or
negative, or whether the difference is higher or lower.
d. Non-directional hypothesis

It is used when no theory is involved. It is a statement that a
relationship exists between two variables, but it does not predict
the nature (direction) of the relationship. In other words, a non- ◆ Negative statement
directional hypothesis is a two-tailed hypothesis that does not
predict the direction of the difference or relationship.
e. Null hypothesis

It’s a negative statement, and states that the independent and
dependent variables have no relationship. The symbol is denoted
by “H ”. E.g., there is no sex effect regarding those who eat
0
vegetarian meals on a regular basis. This type of hypothesis states
that there is no significant relationship or difference between
variables being studied. It assumes that any observed results are ◆ Research hypothesis
due to chance or random variation.

f. Alternative hypothesis
The alternate hypothesis proposes that there is a significant
relationship or difference between the variables being studied. It is
also known as research hypotheses. It opposes the null hypothesis
and suggests that the observed results are not due to chance. The
alternative hypothesis is formulated based on prior knowledge,
theories, or expectations, and it suggests that there is a meaningful ◆ Cause and effect
effect or relationship between variables. It seeks to challenge or relationship
reject the null hypothesis by providing evidence to support the
presence of a specific effect, association, or difference.
g. Associative and Causal hypothesis
Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one
variable resulting in a change in the other variable. The causal
hypothesis, on the other hand, proposes a cause-and-effect
interaction between two or more variables. e.g., reducing class
size increases student’s achievement.

SGOU - SLM - MCom Research Methodology 27