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group design

In this design, subjects are randomly selected and assigned
to the 2 groups (control and experimental), and only the
◆ Post tested experimental group is treated. After close observation, both
experiment and
control group groups are post-tested, and a conclusion is drawn from the
difference between these groups.

◆ Before-and-after with control design or Pre-test - post-
test control group design
For this control group design, subjects are randomly assigned
◆ Only experiment to the 2 groups, both are presented, but only the experimental
group is treated group is treated. After close observation, both groups are
post-tested to measure the degree of change in each group.

◆ Solomon four-group design

This is the combination of the pre-test-only and the pre-test
– post-test control groups. The Solomon four-group design
is a research design commonly used in experimental studies
◆ Minimise the effect to address potential confounding variables and enhance the
of pre-testing internal validity of the research findings. It involves four
different groups of participants, each assigned to a specific
condition within the study.
d. Statistical design
Statistical design permits the researcher to measure and
eliminate the effect of extraneous variables. In statistical design a
◆ Principles of local ‘block factor’ is introduced. It is the extraneous variable which the
control
research is able to isolate and eliminate its effect.
Statistical design is classified in to four:

◆ Completely randomised design
Two experimental design principles were used in this design:
the principle of replication and the principle of randomization.
It is used when a single independent variable influences the
dependent variable. In this design, participants or subjects
◆ Principles of are randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Each
replication and participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any
principles of group, ensuring that the groups are comparable at the start of
randomisation the study. This design is commonly used when the primary
interest is comparing the effects of different treatments or
interventions on a single outcome variable.

◆ Randomised block design
In randomised block design, the principle of local control is
applied using blocks. Blocks are developed with a variable
in mind. The subjects within each block are homogeneous in
terms of the chosen variable. This variable is the extraneous

38 SGOU - SLM -MCom Research Methodology